Introduction to fashion

Recognition in Fashion Design Principles of Fashion Unit 2 unit 2 On fruitful culmination of this unit the student will have the option to: Explain how the components of style offer impact the buyer Describe the arrangement of apparel as indicated by their utilization and types Explain factors which influence the choice to purchase in design Describe the procedure of the item improvement in style industry Explain the fundamental zones of style wear creation including a comprehension of the key terms, ideas, realities and standards, rules and hypotheses of the field, control or practice.Fashion Design One of the most significant elements which separate people from different creatures is their utilization of dress. It is utilized not just to give a miniaturized scale atmosphere to the wearer's body, yet in addition to disguise the body and uncover its wearer's status and character to other people. To fulfill this hiding and uncovering process various sorts of garments are utilized. One of the most baffling parts of apparel is design. Attire communicates status; social class is evident in the supervisor's tailored suit and the specialist's Shares grinding away, despite the fact that this distinction may vanish at the weekend.Clothing changes when the wearer leaves the support, enters grade school, optional school or college, on beginning work, on getting hitched, on picking up advancement. Indeed, even demise has an extraordinary closet, both for the dead and the grievers. Attire builds up an individual's personality; mirrors the wearer's objectives and good standards; imparts confidence or its absence; and passes on the movement an individual is going to take part in. Attire may likewise be utilized as outfit, to speak to something an individual isn't; and as a uniform to signify an individual's enrollment of a characterized group.Fashion in the restricted feeling of the world meaner the changing type of apparel. These begin from people groups should be decorated and respected yet in addition permit the chance to improve individual style or demonstrate a situation in the public arena. Style isn't the main thought in building up an article of clothing for a market. The general appearance (style) just as the utility worth (qualification for reason, aftercare). Making or styling the presence of an individual concerning dress, embellishments and excellence in relating with the character of any individual is design structuring. Style Design TermsA style architect imagines piece of clothing mixes of line, extent, shading, and surface. The person in question could possibly realize how to sew or make designs. Formal preparing is consistently basic, yet most style creators are officially prepared (apprenticed) and educated. An example creator drafts the shapes and sizes of an article of clothing's pieces with paper and estimating apparatuses, and, at times, an Autocrat program software engineer, or by hanging muslin on a dress structure, the first w ay. The subsequent example pieces must make the expected plan out of the article of clothing and they should fit the planned wearer.Formal preparing is fundamental for filling in as an example marker. A tailor makes specially crafted pieces of clothing made to the customer's measure; suits (coat and pants, Jacket and skirt, and so forth). A material planner structures texture weaves and prints for garments and decorations. Most material fashioners are officially prepared as students and in school. A beautician is the individual who co-ordinates the garments, Jewelry, and adornments utilized in design photography and catwalk introductions of garments assortments. A beautician likewise is a planner whose structures depend on surviving things, patterns, and the assortments of other designers.A purchaser orders loads of garments for shops, chain stores, and different sorts of stores. Most design purchasers are prepared in business examines. An educator of style configuration instructs t he craftsmanship and art of style in workmanship schools and in design configuration school. A custom clothier makes specially designed articles of clothing to arrange, for a given client. A dressmaker spends significant time in uniquely crafted ladies' garments: day, mixed drink, and night dresses, business garments and suits, trousseau, sports garments, and unmentionables. An artist draws and paints garments for business use.A model wears and shows garments at design appears and in photos. A style writer composes design articles depicting the pieces of clothing introduced, for magazines or papers. A changes master (modifications) alters the attack of finished pieces of clothing, generally prepared pinnacle, and in some cases re-styles them. NOTE: in spite of tailors changing pieces of clothing to fit the customer, not all modifications are tailors. A closet expert or design counselor suggests styles and hues that are complimenting to the customer. A picture taker photos the garmen ts on style models for use in magazines, papers, or adverts.Fashion Flow Chart Classification of Fashion The length of design's significance is a basic style originators or produces concern. A style can be brief or of long length. Once having distinguished this trademark, an architect is in a situation to survey a styles significance to the retail stock. Design is grouped into numerous kinds, for example, Style Basic or exemplary Fad Fashion Forecasting Trends a) Style is consistently steady. It doesn't change while design changes. It is the change of design. Style is the fundamental framework of any garment.When we utilize an alternate neck area and various sleeves with some cutting to a great extent over an Asia article of clothing then the essential piece of clothing is adjusted into an alternate look or an alternate outfit, this alteration mature will become design, when it is acknowledged by individuals. The term style is a well known word in design and alludes to a sub-divisio n inside style. By definition, it is what has certain attributes that recognize it from different structures. For instance, the design could be creased skirt, yet the style is box crease. It is a typical misrepresentation to accept that the popular originators make fashions.They make styles which they expectation will be acknowledged. When and on the off chance that there is customer bolster the style, at that point becomes design. It is monotonous however critical to push that design is equal with acknowledgment. B) Basic or Classics When a design is consistent or enduring, for example, T shirt and skirt, it is called Basic or Classic. It is like a standard music. The T shirt and skirt are a piece of design scene. A client has at least one in her closet, to be worn to suit various events. In specific occasions, the fundamental turns into the most significant beneficial design, in any case, in or out, they stay as a piece of the style scene.There are numerous outfits that fall into this order, for example, shirt and pants, plain or creased skirts and denims, and so on. There are general molds that goes on for a considerable length of time, for example, the skirt, the single breasted men's suit Basics or Classics are the outfits which remains in the style scene for an extensive stretch of time that is from past to present and even in future it stands When we watch old motion pictures just as the new motion pictures which are discharged Just, we can see the skirts, or denims worn in it might be with a slight change or adjustment in like manner. ) Fad A Fad is something which can either make a fashioner's life additionally intriguing or tenser. Regularly something shows up on the style scene that catches the creative mind, just to flame out in brief length. By and large, Fad can be characterized as brief design, going on for a next to no time or period, worthy by just a specific gathering of individuals for instance, flower children †their attire, frill, hai rcuts, and so on. As Fad is brief design, it remains for an extremely brief period, since they are exorbitant and each one can't stand to get it. D) Fashion Forecasting is a worldwide profession that centers around forthcoming trends.A design forecaster predicts the hues, textures and styles that will be introduced on the runway and in the stores for the up and coming seasons. The idea applies to not one, yet all degrees of the style business including high fashion, prepared to-wear, mass market, and road wear. Pattern anticipating is a general procedure that centers around different businesses, for example, vehicles, medication, food and drinks, writing, and home goods. Style forecasters are answerable for pulling in buyers and helping retail business' and originators sell their brands.Today, style industry laborers depend on the Internet to recover data on new looks, hot hues, big name closets, and creator assortments. Style Forecasting is done through any imparting media, for exa mple, film, design appears, press, magazines, papers and window show. It incorporates: Market research Consumer research Surveys Consumer center gatherings In-store casual meetings Shopping Sales Records Evaluating the assortments Fashion Trends Trend for Target Markets e) Trends Fashion patterns are the styling thoughts that significant assortments have in common.They demonstrate the bearing wherein design is moving. Design forecasters search for the styles they believe are prophetic, thoughts that catch the state of mind of the occasions and sign another style pattern. A few originators may utilize a comparative design thought since they eve been enlivened by normal sources. The pattern may show up in a creation, an outline, or another plan component that shows up in a few assortments. All the time, another pattern shows up in little portions until it spreads to different assortments. As the press sees likenesses among assortments and features them, the media introduction likewise builds up the trends.Evaluating the assortments becomes one way an architect, working for a standard maker, can explore design heading. As creators are not welcome to the shows, they should assess by shopping in significant style vitals or u s I n g configuration administrations, magazines, and papers. For retail purchasers, it is turning into a colossal test to make sense of which patterns will become design nuts and bolts, as Capri's, and which are just crazes, for example, horse prints. Purchasers need to turn out to be entirely adaptable in their purchasing behaviors and wary abou

How to Write a Proposal Paper

How to Write a Proposal PaperIf you are in a position where you are needed to write a proposal for a grant, or you are writing one yourself then here is a quick guide on how to write a proposal paper. This will help to help you write a proposal that is compelling and will attract the attention of the funding agency. Here is some advice on how to write a proposal which is done properly and makes an impact.You will have to decide whether you want to apply for money grants for science or technology. There are also grants for health and education and there are grants that are used for research and also for grants for business.The key thing to remember is that there are so many different types of grants that you should consider applying for. Research has shown that many agencies and funding bodies will only take on those applications that show they are worthy of funding. Therefore you need to be very clear about what type of grant you are applying for, because if you do not you may lose o ut on some opportunities. It may well be that you can get some work experience with a foundation before you start looking for grants.When you are looking for a sample grant then the internet is a good place to start. Some websites have created applications for you to read and to be able to see a sample proposal before you apply. Some websites also have templates that you can use as a basis to write your own.You will need to be able to make a convincing proposal which is based on the information you have gathered from the website and that is real time. It does not need to be thought through carefully, but you need to be able to present it to the funding body. They will either be impressed by your style of presentation or they will turn it down because they simply will not be convinced that you are capable of making them an offer.Writing a proposal is a skill that you will have to practice and also to be aware of. It does not require a lot of technical knowledge, but you will need to be aware of the differences between an application and a proposal. For example, an application is a request made by you for funding from the funding organisation. A proposal is a written proposal that you can make and submit to the funding body for consideration of funding.This is particularly true in the current economic climate. As many organisations are facing problems in their budgets, there is less money available to fund projects which requires full-time staff to undertake.Remember that when you are looking at how to write a proposal paper, you need to do this properly. It should tell the funding body, why they should fund you, what they will get from your project and how they can benefit from it. If you do not succeed in doing this, you could find yourself losing out on a great opportunity.

Changes in Legal Defence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Changes in Legal Defense - Essay Example This is the bedrock of the Canadian lawful framework and the idea of protection is urgent in the assurance of culpability. In the most dire outcome imaginable they should be allowed the chance to legitimize their activities through barriers. Ongoing occasions have indicated interesting and new cases that exhibit the advancing idea of the lawful framework. These reflected in the manner the law is ever changing so as to keep up a substantial point of view. A significant angle to this trademark is the manner by which new lawful resistances become real and essential expansion to the legitimate framework. There are a few land mark cases in which apparently silly thoughts, for example, automatism, battery and pressure become authentic resistances and reasons from criminal blame and culpability.â Automatism stood out as of late with a few prominent criminal cases that prompted vindication. The choices for these cases comprise completely new components to Canadian statute. For instance, th ere was the situation of Kenneth Parks who murdered his relative and endeavored to do likewise to her significant other. This occurred in 1987 and was a dubious occasion that bolted the entire nation until a decision was reached in 1988. Ramsland (2010) gave the frightful and illuminating subtleties: He rose from bed and got into his vehicle. In spite of, as he said later, not being alert, he traveled around 14 miles to the home of his in-laws in Scarborough. Records state he at that point expelled a tire iron from the vehicle and went into the house, where he continued to beat his relative to death and stifle his dad in-law into obviousness. He likewise utilized a blade from his parents in law's kitchen to cut them. (Ramsland, 2011) The protection for Park was automatism. His legal advisor contended that this barrier is upheld by a few significant confirmations. To start with, the culprit had a past filled with sleepwalking. Furthermore, he had a decent connection with his wifeâ₠¬â„¢s guardians and, consequently, had no thought process in murder. Park’s resistance group gathered a multitude of specialists †therapists, analyst, nervous system specialist, and a rest issue authority - clarifying what automatism is. (Ramsland) The â€Å"disorder was new to the jury and, positively, to the lawful framework. There is no express reference to this in the Canadian statute that is the reason the protection chose desperate insomnia. The aggregate contentions introduced by the specialists, who showed how sleepwalking is a psychotic issue and could bring about an individual having less control of their activities, at long last persuaded the court that Parks was blameless. It was proclaimed that his demonstrations were unmediated and unwittingly carried out, consequently, liberated from criminal risk. The instances of homicide and endeavored murder held up against him were quickly excused. As a barrier, automatism is viewed as a class separate from madness s upplication. An instance of a lady accused of killing her significant other had the jury dismiss the decision of not liable by reason of craziness but rather absolved her of homicide based on automatism since she was demonstrated to be dependent upon narcolepsy, an uncommon resting issue. (McCord, McCord and Bailyer, 2011, p. 254) Another case, nonetheless, demonstrate an alternate aspect to this sort of protection. This was the situation of William Wade who was accused of homicide when he over and over cut his significant other, hitting her head into the

Biographical Profile of William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth, with his friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge, began the Romantic movement in British poetry with the publication of their Lyrical Ballads, turning away from the scientific rationalism of the Enlightenment, the artificial milieu of the Industrial Revolution and the aristocratic, heroic language of 18th century poetry to dedicate his work to the imaginative embodiment of emotion in the ordinary language of the common man, seeking meaning in the sublimity of the natural environment, particularly in his beloved home, England’s Lake District. Wordsworths Childhood William Wordsworth was born in 1770 in Cockermouth, Cumbria, the scenic mountainous region of northwest England known as the Lake District. He was the second of five children, sent away to Hawkshead Grammar School after his mother died when he was 8. Five years later, his father died, and the children were sent to live with various relatives. The separation from his orphaned siblings was a severe emotional trial, and after reuniting as adults, William and his sister Dorothy lived together for the rest of their lives. In 1787, William began his studies at St. John’s College, Cambridge, with the help of his uncles. Love and Revolution in France While he was still a university student, Wordsworth visited France during its revolutionary period (1790) and came under the influence of its anti-aristocratic, republican ideals. After graduating the next year, he returned to continental Europe for a walking tour in the Alps and more travels in France, during which he fell in love with a French girl, Annette Vallon. Money difficulties and political troubles between France and Britain led Wordsworth to return alone to England the following year, before Annette bore his illegitimate daughter, Catherine, whom he did not see until he returned to France 10 years later. Wordsworth and Coleridge After returning from France, Wordsworth suffered emotionally and financially, but published his first books, An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches, in 1793. In 1795 he received a small legacy, settled in Dorset with his sister Dorothy and began his most important friendship, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In 1797 he and Dorothy moved to Somerset to be closer to Coleridge. Their dialogue (really â€Å"trialogue†--Dorothy contributed her ideas as well) was poetically and philosophically fruitful, resulting in their joint publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798); its influential preface outlined the Romantic theory of poetry. The Lake District Wordsworth, Coleridge and Dorothy travelled to Germany in the winter after the publication of Lyrical Ballads, and on their return to England Wordsworth and his sister settled at Dove Cottage, Grasmere, in the Lake District. Here he was a neighbor to Robert Southey, who was England’s Poet Laureate before Wordsworth was appointed in 1843. Here also he was in his beloved home landscape, immortalized in so many of his poems. The Prelude Wordsworth’s greatest work, The Prelude, is a long, autobiographical poem which was in its earliest versions known only as â€Å"the poem to Coleridge.† Like Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, it is a work that the poet labored over during most of his long life. Unlike Leaves of Grass, The Prelude was never published while its author lived.

The Corruption Of The American Dream - 956 Words

AJ Wilkinson Alicia Maggert English Honors III 09 April 2017 The Corruption of the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream as a set of goals that included freedom, settlement, and an honest life with the possibility of social and economic success earned through hard work, but was corrupted and degraded by the egotistical materialism of the 1920s. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, aims to discredit the supposed purity of the American Dream and belief that anyone can attain it through hard work. Instead, he argues that the dream is a delusion, altered so significantly from its original form. Its pursuers seek for and achieve nothing more than the hoarding of hollow material goods and empty pleasure. Fitzgerald†¦show more content†¦People who are upper class are the ones that have money, power, drive the fancy cars, and have the nice houses. Myrtle can only dream to be one of these people, and her desire to be apart of the upper class of society causes destruction, and destroys Myrtle in the end. It is later found t hat Daisy was the one that hits Myrtle with her car. It is ironic that Daisy was the one that kills Myrtle, since she was having an affair with Daisy’s husband, Tom. This shows how the desire for a luxurious life and having the American dream, only caused destruction in this novel and destroyed someone’s life. The ambition for something has thrown Gatsby over the edge. His love and chase for Daisy had taken over his whole life. He feels that he has live up to the American dream to accomplish what he truly dreams for, which is Daisy. While Gatsby was away fighting in the war, Daisy met Tom and married him. Daisy had always been rich and Gatsby thought that in order to get Daisy back, he needs to have money so that he would be able to give Daisy anything she wanted. There was a green light where Daisy lived that Gatsby would always look out to. The green light has a significant part in the novel and fairly good meaning behind it. It becomes apparent that this green ligh t it not Daisy, but a symbol representing Gatsby’s dream of having Daisy. The fact the Daisy falls short of Gatsby’s expectations is obvious.Show MoreRelatedCorruption Of The American Dream1516 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption of the American Dream The American Dream can be understood by many people to mean many different things. Even with various meanings, to the greater part of people, it is to be happy, wealthy and successful in life; however money does not always led to happiness. You can always buy things that satisfy your want, when you have large amount of money. This stuff will make you happy for a short amount of time, but after the consumer may become uninterested with having everything he/she couldRead MoreThe Corruption Of The American Dream1835 Words   |  8 PagesNo: 141124 Date: 29/01/2016 THE CORRUPTION OF THE AMERICAN DREAM. The universal characterization of American dream is that, in the country, whichever person wants to be successful will be successful due to self-improvement which can be attained by working hard and proper utilisation of the available resources, adding up with providential circumstances. The Great ‘Gatsby’ emerges out as a personification of the American dream of self-made triumph, growing up from being a poor farmRead MoreEssay about Corruption of the American Dream1127 Words   |  5 PagesCorruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby is a novel based off of the American dream, which is something that everyone strives for. The author of the book F. Scott Fitzgerald has his own American dream to become a well known writer, and to have the girl of his dreams, and throughout the novel this dream reflected in The Great Gatsby within in the characters Gatsby and Daisy. Fitzgerald had developed the character Gatsby by incorporating some of his own dreams. For example Gatsby hasRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : The Corruption Of The American Dream1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby may appear as a novel containing dramatic, twisted relationships; however, the main theme has to do with the culture of the 1920s, and how it leads to the downfall of the American Dream. The 1920s were an age of change: politically and socially. The nation’s wealth nearly doubled, leading many Americans into a prosperous society, while others experienced extreme poverty (The Roaring). People began performing, women wore flapperRead MoreThe Corruption of the American Dream in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1345 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald portrays the American Dream, originally a set of goals that included freedom, settlement, and an honest life with the possibility of upward social and economic mobility earned through hard work, as corrupted and debased by the egotistic materialism of the 1920s, an era which Fitzgerald characterizes chiefly by its greed and lavish hedonism, in his celebrated novel The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, s eeks to discredit the supposed purity of the American Dream and belief that anyoneRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream1010 Words   |  5 Pageswhich he popularized the concept of The American Dream. In this book he stated â€Å"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and once that phrase was written, The American Dream became what we truly know it as nowadays. It is the right of freedom, prosperity, equality and pursuit of happiness through hard work. However, The American Dream is an ironic concept seeing as it neverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Corruption of the American Dream Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesGreat Gatsby is a novel about the corruption of the American Dream. How far would you agree with this statement? The American Dream is fundamentally the idea that anyone in America can accomplish through hard work and can achieve success and happiness. It has been expanded on through the years and now incorporates ideas of attaining freedom, wealth and power. In the 1920s when The Great Gatsby was written the Jazz Age was taking hold and the American Dream became more about material possessionsRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby1302 Words   |  6 Pagesjustify their actions, and it is what everyone longs for. This theme is better known as the American dream.The Great Gatsby is representative of the American dream in multiple ways. There are some aspects of the novel that symbolize the overall corruption of the American dream; there are others that signify the love of wealth, and the division of rich and poor. What exactly is the American dream? The American dream can be described as an idea, a concept, and a way of life. It can even be described asRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Displaying the Corruption of the American Dream742 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby: The Corruption of the American Dream In the 1920’s many people left their countries to come to America seeking for the American dream. The American Dream meant being successful and happy. Many people started to learn that they couldn’t find that happiness without the money. In Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the characters based their lives off of wealth and materialism, forgetting what the real idea of the American dream was. Throughout the story, Daisy, Gatsby and MyrtleRead MoreBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes: the Corruption of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby1477 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald employs the use of characters, themes, and symbolism to convey the idea of the American Dream and its corruption through the aspects of wealth, family, and status. In regards to wealth and success, Fitzgerald makes clear the growing corruption of the American Dream by using Gatsby himself as a symbol for the corrupted dream throughout the text. In addition, when portraying the family the characters in Great Gatsby are used to expose

Compare and Contrast Two Theories of Motivation - 2294 Words

Essay Question Compare and Contrast Two theories of motivation. Suggest how a team leader might use these theories to motivate their team. Motivation according to Vroom (1964) is based within the individual , which influences one to complete a task. It is important for team leaders to motivate their team in order to improve productivity (Hyun and Oh ,2011, P103) and ensure that employees enjoy their jobs. Many theories of motivation have been developed, which allows team leaders use in work to motivate their teams The theorys which will be compared and contrasted in this essay are:- Herzbergs two-factor theory and Adams equity theory. Herzbergs theory, has become widely used as well as an respectable theory for explaining†¦show more content†¦Unlike, Herzbergs, Adams (1968) maintained that inequity results from people not only when they are relatively underpaid but also when the are overpaid. For example a person may feel inequity when they are being paid low for high productivity of input whilst another may also feel inequity when they are being paid high for low productivity. Whilst in the two-factor theory, motivation is more to do with increase in motivators thus this may occur even when productivity is low. (Herzbergs 1976). Therefore according to the equity theory, motivation is effected by how one perceives being treated fairly. Equity is defined as justices (Al-zawahreh and Al-madi 2012). Thus inequity occurs when a person feels that an imbalances in the ratio between their outcomes and inputs with others workers outcome and inputs. (Mine 1980) Moreover, according to Bell ( to improve productivity using the equity theory is to remove the feeling of unbalance, a team leader should do this by providing regularly evaluation of each employee on their perception of input which should be balanced with their perception of fair outcomes. This would provide the employees would understanding of the outcome received and remove any thoughts of unfairness. Moreover a lager amount of research has examined the characteristics of motivation factors that occur. For example Bandura cited in Sachau (2007) found that people are motivated to perform an activity to the extend that they feel aShow MoreRelatedIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Different Structure of Organisation and Culture964 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinessballs.com Section 1 Understanding the relationship between organisational structure and culture You will need to: ï‚ · compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture Here you need to briefly describe the different types of organisational structure, and what different types/formats of culture can be found in organisations, and then compare and contrast them – what causes/creates each type, and positive factors / negative factors of each. ï‚ · explain how the relationship betweenRead Morebusiness Assignment1024 Words   |  5 PagesOrganisations and Behaviour Outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Outcome 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership Outcome 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations SCENARIO According to Bergstram and Hamilton, organisations have different structures and these structures have a bearing on attitudesRead MoreNeed Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and Mcclelland1194 Words   |  5 Pages19 July 2014 Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs influence their motivation.  Needs  are physiological or psychological scarcities that stimulate behavior therefore are necessary to live a healthy, productive lives both in personal and work lives. â€Å"If work is meaningless, then life comes close to being meaningless†(Maslow, Stephens Heil 39). These needs, whether weak or strong and are greatly influencedRead MoreEssay on What is Motivation?1168 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation in the workplace is an important area for discussion and many theories as to what motivates people to do their jobs well have been formulated. This essay will discuss three different theories of motivation and work. Also produce a definition of motivation. First mention that you will define motivation then state that you will talk about different theories of motivation To begin with, there are to aspects of motivation to look at the first of these is a definitions of motivation. RobbinsRead MoreThe Theory And Integrated Control Theory976 Words   |  4 Pagessecond motivation theory is the Integrated Control Theory. The Integrated Control Theory offers a design for analyzing and processing work motivation and organizational problem solving. It allows individuals to develop expectations, plan and execute actions, receive environmental feedback, compare feedback to expectations and adjust behavior accordingly (Klein, 1989). Klein chose the name control theory because it is a compilation of various overlapping theories of motivation. The theory also incorporatedRead MoreA Comparison of Theorist1317 Words   |  6 Pageswriter will compare two of the most talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differe nces in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant BehaviorRead MoreCompare and Contrast Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory with Vrooms Expectancy Theory640 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and contrast Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory with Vroom’s Expectancy theory. Is it possible to combine these two theories? How and why should, or shouldn’t it be so? Provide examples to support. Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory focuses on the internal needs of employees. This theory suggests that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not mere opposite of each other and controlled by a different set of factors. While job dissatisfaction is believed to be associated directly with theRead MoreThe Motivational Theories Of Abraham Maslow And Frederick Herzberg1106 Words   |  5 Pagesshould find better ways to motivate their staffs to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Many psychologists understand the importance of motivation in the industry; they worked on various motivational theories which could help employers to have a fruitful and productive employee. According to Feldman, motivation is a factor that direct and energize the behaviors of humans and other organisms, in other words, an inner state that stimulates us to fulfill a goal, something thatRead MoreThe Self-Determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan1720 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesThe motivation of different individuals can vary for many reasons, two of those reasons can be internal and external factors. The internal factors are referred to as intrinsic motivators and the external factors are signified as extrinsic motivators. The Self-Determination Theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan is constructed on the basis of three distinctive psychological essentials, which include competence, relatedness, and autonomy (self-determination) (Moneta, 2004, p. 181). In order

Cost of Production free essay sample

Costs of Production July 2011 Topics to be Discussed Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? How do Cost Curves Behave? – Cost in the Short Run – Cost in the Long Run How to Minimize Cost? How to draw Implications for Business Strategy? Topics to be Discussed Production with Two Outputs: Economies of Scope Dynamic Changes in Costs: The Learning Curve Estimating and Predicting Cost Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? Accountants tend to take a retrospective view of firms’ costs, whereas economists tend to take a forward-looking view Accounting Cost – Actual expenses plus depreciation charges for capital equipment Economic Cost – Cost to a firm of utilizing economic resources in production, including opportunity cost Costs as Opportunity Costs Accountants measure the explicit costs but often ignore the implicit costs. Economists include all opportunity costs when measuring costs. Accounting Profit = TR Explicit Costs Economic Profit = TR Explicit Costs Implicit Costs Explicit and Implicit costs The firm’s costs include Explicit Costs and Implicit Costs: – Explicit Costs: costs that involve a direct money outlay for acquiring factors of production. – Actual expenditure incurred by firm for hire, rent or purchase of the inputs so as to undertake production. (Exp: Wages to hire labour, rental price of capital, equipment and buildings and purchase price of raw materials and semi finished products). – Implicit Costs: Costs that do not involve a direct money outlay – (Ex. Opportunity costs of the owner’s own inputs used Implicit wages, implicit rent, cost of capital). Opportunity Cost Economic costs distinguish between costs the firm can control and those it cannot Opportunity cost – Cost associated with opportunities that are foregone when a firm’s resources are not put to their highest-value use Opportunity cost of an action is the value of the next best alternative forgone. For an Input: What the input could have earned from best alternative use (outside the firm). SUNK COST Although opportunity costs are hidden and should be taken into account, sunk costs should not Sunk Cost – EXPENDITURE THAT HAS BEEN MADE AND CANNOT BE RECOVERED – Firm buys a piece of equipment that cannot be converted to another use Cost that is committed but can not be avoided – Should not influence a firm’s future economic decisions Sunk Cost From a firm’s point of view it is the cost that arises when an investment in an asset can not be recovered by subsequent resale. Firm can neither sell nor lease it to any other person and even cannot be used for other alternative purposes. Investment is a SUNK COST when its OPPORTUNITY COST is zero. Fixed Cost versus Sunk Cost Fixed Cost – Cost paid by a firm that is in business regardless of the level of output Fixed costs can be avoided if the firm goes out of business (say key executives will not be needed) Sunk Cost – Cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered Ex: Cost of factory with specialized equipment which is of no use in another industry Exception: Something can be recovered if it is sold for scrap. Family of Total Costs Total Fixed Costs (TFC) Total Variable Costs (TVC) Total Costs (TC) TC = TFC + TVC Short Run Costs Fixed Costs: – Those costs that do not vary with the amount of output produced or level of output. – Total obligations of the firm per given period (time) for all fixed inputs (Land, Building, Capital Equipment). – Exp: Payment for renting the plant and equipment if firm owns it, insurance, property taxes, salaries (for top management fixed by contract and to be paid during the period of contract irrespective of going for production or not) – -Annual allowances made for depreciation (wear and tear) and expenditure on maintenance Variable Cost Those costs that do vary with the amount of output produced. – Obligations of the firm per period for all variable inputs – (Exp. Payment for Raw materials and fuels, expense on power and water supply, wages of labour) Family of Average Costs. . . Average Costs: Specific Cost / Output Level Average Fixed Costs (AFC) = Total Fixed Costs / output (Q) Average Variable Costs (AVC) = Total Variable Cost / output (Q) Average Total Costs (ATC) = Total Cost / Output (Q) Marginal Cost: â€Å"How much does it cost to produce an additional unit of output? Marginal Cost (MC): â€Å"The extra or additional cost of producing one more unit of output. † MC = TC ? Q Determinants of Short Run Costs INCREASE in OUTPUT leads to INCREASE in TOTAL COST. HOW does it MOVE? Extent of Rise in Cost Depends on the nature of the PRODUCTION PROCESS – Extent to which production involves DIMINSHING RETURNS to VARIABLE FACTORS If MARGINAL PRODUCT OF LABOUR DECREASES signifi cantly as more labor is hired – Costs of production increase rapidly – Greater and greater expenditures must be made to produce more output Determinants of Short Run Costs Assume Labour: only Variable Input Assume the wage rate (w) is fixed relative to the number of workers hired Variable costs is the per unit cost of extra labor times the amount of extra labor: wL ?VC w? L MC = = ? Q ? Q A Firm’s Short Run Costs Inference: MC decreases initially with increasing returns (0 through 4 units of output) MC increases with decreasing returns (5 through 11 units of output) TC Cost 400 ($ per year) 300 Total cost is the vertical sum of FC and VC. VC 200 Variable cost increases with production and the rate varies with increasing and decreasing returns. 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fixed cost does not vary with output FC 10 11 12 13 Output Short Run Cost Curve: Summary Short run cost curves (AVC, ATC and MC) are UShaped- Law of variable proportion In the short run with fixed plant, there is a phase of INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY (falling unit costs) a phase of DECREASING PRODUCTIVITY (increasing unit cost) of the variable factors. Between these two phases there is a single point at which unit COSTS are MINIMUM. At this point on ATC, the plant is utilised optimally (optimal combinations of fixed and variable factors) Cost Minimizing Input Choice in Long Run: Producing a Given Output at Minimum Cost Capital per year K2 Q1 is an isoquant for output Q1. There are three isocost lines, of which 2 are possible choices in which to produce Q1. A K1 K3 C0 L2 L1 C1 L3 Isocost C2 shows quantity Q1 can be produced with combination K2,L2 or K3,L3. However, both of these are higher cost combinations than K1,L1. Q1 C2 Labor per year Cost in the Long Run †¢ How does the isocost line relate to the firm’s production process? MRTS = ? K = ? MPL ?L MPK Slope of isocost line = ? K MPL =w ?L = ? w r MPK r when firm minimizes cost Long Run versus Short Run Cost Curves The Inflexibility of Short Run Production Capital E per year Capital is fixed at K1. To produce Q1, min cost at (K1,L1). If increase output to Q2, min. cost is K1 and L3 in short run. Long-Run Expansion Path In Long R, can change capital and min costs falls to K2 and L2. C Expansion Path: A Combination of Labour Capital that firm chooses to K2 Minimize Cost at each Level of K1 Output. P Short-Run Expansion Path Q2 Q1 L1 L2 B L3 D F Labor per year Derivation of Expansion Path Long Run Total Cost Curves †¢ Long Run Versus Short Run Cost Curves Long-Run Average Cost (LAC) – Most important determinant of the shape of the LR AC and MC curves is relationship between scale of the firm’s operation and inputs required to minimize cost Long-Run Costs How does per unit costs behave as the firm EXPANDS all INPUTS, even plant size or scale of operation? The Long-Run Average Total Cost (LRATC) reflects the lowest possible unit cost related to different plant sizes and/or scales of operation. In long run no fixed factor, all factors are variable. LRATC=LVC or Average total and variable costs coin cide. The LRATC Curve is U-shaped Long Run Versus Short Run Cost Curves †¢ Long-run marginal cost leads long-run average cost: – If LMC LAC, LAC will fall – If LMC LAC, LAC will rise – Therefore, LMC = LAC at the minimum of LAC In special case where LAC is constant, LAC and LMC are equal Long Run Average and Marginal Cost Cost ($ per unit of output LMC LAC A Output U-Shaped LAC Curve †¢ Increasing Returns to scale †¢ Constant Returns to Scale †¢ Diminishing Returns to Scale Sources of Returns to Scale Economies of Scale Diseconomies of Scale Economies of Scale Economies of Scale: Output can be doubled for less than a doubling Cost- Pindyck et al. LRATC DECREASEs as the Scale of Operation INCREASES. Diseconomies of Scale (DRS): Doubling of Output requires more than a doubling of Cost LRATC INCREASES with the scale of operation. U-shaped LAC reflects ECONOMIES of SCALE for relatively low output levels and diseconomies of scale for higher levels Distinction between IRS Economies of Scale Increasing Returns to Scale – Output more than doubles when the QUANTITIES of all inputs are doubled Economies of Scale – Doubling of output requires LESS than a doubling of COST Ex: Milking cows by hand in large dairy firms†¦. Constant Returns to Scale but experience Economies of scale if milked by machine (Pindyck et al. ) ‘†¦.. Firm’s production process can exhibit constant returns to scale, but still have economies of scale as well. Of course, firm can enjoy both economies of scale and increasing returns to scale (Pindyck) Emergence of Economies of Scale? †¢ As output increases, firm’s AC of producing is likely to decline to a point 1. Production Economies On a larger scale, workers can better SPECIALIZE.. DEVELOPMETN OF Skills, Time Saving etc 2. Scale can provide flexibility – managers can organize production more effectively 3. DISCOUNT for BULK PURCHASE of INPUTS (Raw Materials) Firm may be able to get inputs at lower cost if can get quantity discounts. Lower prices might lead to different input mix. ECONOMIES of SCALE Change in TECHNOLOGY in the long run -Changes in FACTOR PRICES -Transport and Storage Economies (Average cost of Transport Relatively low for bulk transport and bulk storage) -Selling or Marketing Economies (Lower Average cost of Advertising at large Scale) Economies of Scale Managerial Economies Arises Primarily due to Specialisation of Management Mechanisation of Manageri al Function. Division of Managerial Task-Specialization of ManagementImprovement in Efficiency. High Degree of Mechanisation (Telephone, computer) and Decline in Cost Decision Making Process Decentralized (increase in efficiency) Continues†¦. – LOW COST OF FINANCE Larger firm can borrow at lower interest rate and have access to Financial Market Exp: PRIME LENDING RATE of Commercial Banks. – Lower Salaries can be Paid if employees prefer to be associated with organisation of Repute or there is no LABOUR UNION (Low expenditure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Relatively low cost) Diseconomies of Scale †¢ At some point, AC will begin to increase 1. FACTORY SPACE and MACHINERY may make it more difficult for workers to do their jobs efficiently 2. Managing a larger firm may become more complex and inefficient as the NUMBER OF TASKS INCREASES 3. Increase in INPUT PRICES resulting from increase in Usage by the firm or Limited availability of Inputs Diseconomies of Scale –Management Limitations (diseconomies) Decisions are Delayed in large firms (information often consciously or unconsciously distorted as it passes through various hierarchical levels or stopped for different reasons at some stage) DECISIONS OF TOP MANAGEMENT will not be optimal if information is not accurate or comes with time lag (by that time environment undergone a change) CRITICS argue in the MODERN WORLD it does not PREVAIL. Do you agree? Long Run Costs Economies of scale are measured in terms of †¢ COST-OUTPUT ELASTICITY (Ec) †¢ EC is the percentage change in the cost of production resulting from a 1-per cent increase in output ?C C EC = ?Q Q = MC AC Long Run Costs †¢ EC is equal to 1, MC = AC – Costs increase proportionately with output – Neither economies nor diseconomies of scale †¢ EC 1 when MC AC – E conomies of scale – Both MC and AC are declining †¢ EC 1 when MC AC – Diseconomies of scale – Both MC and AC are rising Long Run Average Cost Curve: Flatbottomed (Rs) Curve (a Special Case) Per Unit LRATC Curve Econ. of Scale Neither Economies nor Diseconomies of Scale Disecon . of Scale Scale of Operation (Q) Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope †¢ Many firms produce more than one product and those PRODUCTS are CLOSELY LINKED †¢ If it is CHEAPER for a firm to produce various products JOINTLY then producing it in different firms independently –Economies of Scope. †¢ Examples: – Chicken farmpoultry and eggs – Automobile companycars and trucks – Universityteaching and research -Commercial Banking along with Investment Banking and Provision of Insurance Economies/Diseconomies of Scope: Case of Multi-Product Firm If Total Cost of jointly producing Cars  © and Trucks (T) is smaller than the cost incurred for producing cars and trucks independently by different firms ECONOMIES OF SCOPE Exists if TC(C,T) [TC (C,0) + TC(0, T)] Reasons: Automobiles and Trucks can be produced with same metal sheet and engine assembly facilities. Joint Production: Better utilization of Production Facilities and lower costs. Economies of Scope †¢ Advantages 1. Both use capital and labor 2. The firms share management resources 3. Both use the same labor skills and types of machinery Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope Economies of scale: Should a Public sector commercial bank merge with its competitor (other PSBs) Economies of Scope: Should Commercial Bank offer Mutual Fund or Life insurance scheme? Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope †¢ There is no direct relationship between economies of scope and economies of scale – May experience economies of scope and diseconomies of scale – May have economies of scale and not have economies of scope Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope The degree of economies of scope (SC) can be measured by percentage of cost saved producing two or more products jointly: C(q1 ) + C(q 2 ) ? C(q1 ,q2 ) SC = C(q1 ,q2 ) C(q1) is the cost of producing q1 C(q2) is the cost of producing q2 C(q1,q2) is the joint cost of producing both products Production with Two Outputs – Economies of Scope †¢ With economies of scope, the joint cost is less than the sum of the individual costs †¢ Interpretation: – If SC 0 Economies of scope – If SC 0 Diseconomies of scope – The greater the value of SC, the greater the economies of scope Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve Firms may lower their costs not only due to economies of scope, but also due to managers and workers becoming more EXPERIENCED at their JOBS †¢ As management and labor gain experience with production, the firm’s MARGINAL and AVERAGE COST may fall Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve †¢ Learning cur ve: Measures the impact workers’ experience on the costs of production †¢ Describes the RELATIONSHIP between a firm’s CUMULATIVE output and the amount of INPUTS needed to produce each unit of output †¢ Learning curve information facilitates to take decision whether production operation is profitable or not. Based on the information plan how much cumulative output to be produced to reduce cost The Learning Curve Hours of labor per machine 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 20 Hours of Labour needed Per unit of output declines With increase in cumulative output 30 40 50 Cumulative number of machine produced Dynamic Changes in Costs – The Learning Curve †¢ Reasons 1. Workers SPEED OF WORK increases with experience 2. Managers learn to SCHEDULE PRODUCTION processes more efficiently (flow of material to organisations of manufacturing) 3. More FLEXIBILITY is allowed with experience; may include more specialized tools and plant organization 4. Suppliers become more efficient in processing required material†¦. often pass this advantage (lower material cost) to company Economies of Scale Versus Learning Cost (Rs per unit of output) Movement from A to B along AC1-Lower cost due to Economies of Scale Move from A (on AC1) to C (On AC2) leads to lower Cost due to Learning Economies of Scale A B Learning AC1 AC2 Output C Sum up†¦.. †¢ Relevance of studying cost of production †¢ Identify which cost matter †¢ How to minimize cost in the short run and long run †¢ Why is long run AC U-Shaped †¢ Distinction between Economies of Scale and Scope †¢ Role of Learning Curve in Cost